History of the Domestication of Donkeys

The modern domestic donkey (Equus asinus) was bred from the wild African ass (E. africanus) in northeastern Africa during the predynastic period of Egypt, about 6,000 years ago. Two wild ass subspecies are thought to have had a role in the development of the modern donkey: the Nubian ass (Equus africanus africanus) and the Somali ass (E. africanus somaliensis), although recent mtDNA analysis suggests that only the Nubian ass contributed genetically to the domestic donkey. Both of these asses are still alive today, but both are listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. The donkeys relationship with the Egyptian civilization is well-documented. For example, murals in the tomb of the New Kingdom pharaoh Tutankhamun illustrate nobles participating in a wild ass hunt. However, the real importance of the donkey relates to its use as a pack animal. Donkeys are desert-adapted and can carry heavy loads through arid lands allowing pastoralists to move their households with their herds. In addition, donkeys proved ideal for the transport of food and trade goods throughout Africa and Asia. Domestic Donkeys and Archaeology Archaeological evidence used to identify domesticated donkeys includes changes in body morphology. Domestic donkeys are smaller than wild ones, and, in particular, they have smaller and less robust metacarpals (foot bones). In addition, donkey burials have been noted at some sites; such burials likely reflect the value of trusted domestic animals. Pathological evidence of damage to spinal columns resulting from donkeys use (maybe overuse) as pack animals is also seen on domestic donkeys, a situation not thought likely on their wild progenitors. The earliest domesticated donkey bones identified archaeologically date to 4600-4000 BC, at the site of El-Omari, a predynastic Maadi site in Upper Egypt near Cairo. Articulated donkey skeletons have been found buried in special tombs within the cemeteries of several predynastic sites, including Abydos (ca. 3000 BC) and Tarkhan (ca. 2850 BC). Donkey bones also have been discovered at sites in Syria, Iran, and Iraq between 2800-2500 BC. The site of Uan Muhuggiag in Libya has domestic donkey bones dated to ~3000 years ago. Domestic Donkeys at Abydos A 2008 study (Rossel et al.) examined 10 donkey skeletons buried at the Predynastic site of Abydos (about ca 3000 BC). The burials were in three purposefully constructed brick tombs adjacent to the cult enclosure of an early (so far unnamed) Egyptian king. The donkey tombs lacked grave goods and in fact, only contained articulated donkey skeletons. An analysis of the skeletons and comparison with modern and ancient animals revealed that the donkeys had been used as beasts of burden, evidenced by signs of strain on their vertebral bones. In addition, the body morphology of the donkeys was midway between wild asses and modern donkeys, leading researchers to argue that the domestication process was not complete by the end of the predynastic period, but instead continued as a slow process over periods of several centuries. Donkey DNA DNA sequencing of ancient, historic and modern samples of donkeys throughout northeastern Africa was reported (Kimura et al) in 2010, including data from the site of Uan Muhuggiag in Libya. This study suggests that domestic donkeys are derived solely from the Nubian wild ass. Results of the testing demonstrate that Nubian and Somali wild asses have distinct mitochondrial DNA sequences. Historic domestic donkeys appear to be genetically identical to Nubian wild asses, suggesting that modern Nubian wild asses are actually survivors of previously domesticated animals. Further, it seems likely that wild asses were domesticated several times, by cattle herders perhaps beginning as long ago as 8900-8400 calibrated years ago cal BP. Interbreeding between wild and domestic asses (called introgression) is likely to have continued throughout the domestication process. However, Bronze Age Egyptian asses (ca 3000 BC at Abydos) were morphologically wild, suggesting either that the process was a long slow one, or that wild asses had characteristics that were favored over domestic ones for some activities. Sources Beja-Pereira, Albano, et al. 2004 African origins of the domestic donkey. Science 304:1781. Kimura, Birgitta. Donkey Domestication. African Archaeological Review, Fiona Marshall, Albano Beja-Pereira, et al., ResearchGate, March 2013. Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H et al. 2010. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: (online pre-publish). Rossel, Stine. Domestication of the donkey: Timing, processes, and indicators. Fiona Marshall, Joris Peters, et al., PNAS, March 11, 2008.

Film and Book The Striped Pajamas by John Boyne Essay

Sins of the Father The movie ‘Boy in the Striped Pajamas’, based on the book by John Boyne, isn’t exactly a feel-good film, but it is an awesome representation of the existence of good and evil, and the responsibility we have as human beings to distinguish between the two; for it is responsibility that distinguishes us from every other being. In my opinion, this is an important, life-changing film, with a significant message, and should be seen by all. The movie is told from the point of view of eight year old Bruno whose innate sense of morality and justice ultimately makes him the fallen hero of the story. The premise of the movie focuses on a friendship that develops between Bruno and Shmuel, also eight, and a victim of the†¦show more content†¦Standing up on the swing to get a better view, he falls off of the swing and scrapes his knee. Pavel, runs to help Bruno, takes him inside and bandages his knee. Pavel, assuring Bruno that he will be just fine , sits down and begins to peel potatoes. Bruno then replies How should you know, you’re not a doctor, you’re a farmer. Pavel responds, â€Å"I was a doctor before coming here†. Bruno is confused why the man would give up being a doctor to work on the farm and peel potatoes. Later that week, Bruno sneaks out and finds a door leading to a shed; he opens the window inside and gains the freedom he has been longing for. Bruno begins his exploration of the woods outside the compound. He runs quite a ways until he stumbles upon a large barbed-wire fence surrounding the farm. This is where he and Shmuel, the boy in the stripped pajamas, meet for the first time. Although separated by a fence, the boys talk and joke and get to know each other. A whistle blows and Shmuel must go, but the new friends say they hope to meet again soon. As weeks go by, Bruno continues to sneak away from the compound and the two new friends meet time and again. Bruno usually brings snacks and Shmuel speedily eats what he is given. Bruno is very curious about his new friend and continues to ask him questions about his life on the farm; he asks why they wear pajamas all day, and what the numbers on them mean. Shmuel tells him â€Å"because the soldiers took ourShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Film The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Directed by Mark Herman817 Words   |  4 PagesThe best fictional movie of World War II is â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pajamas† directed by Mark Herman. The movie is based on the novel written by John Boyne and the story is told from a German child’s view during the Holocaust. The general message the director and writer so vividly portrayed is that of a child’s innocence and young friendship. â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pajamas† has a good storyline, great choice in actors, and overall it was thought-provoking and effective in showing a differentRead MoreThe Boy in the Striped Pajamas, by John Boyne1152 Words    |  5 PagesIn the movie â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pajamas,† a story is told of an innocent child’s forbidden friendship during World War II in Germany. Despite all the inhumane treatment of Jews right in front of this young boy, his character is extremely naà ¯ve to the reality of what the Nazi’s actually do to the Jews. The overall message the director and writer so vividly portrayed is that of innocence and friendship. 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The Boy in the Striped Pajamas is a novel based on this time period. Written in 2006 by an Irish author named John Boyne, it is about a boy named Bruno who is nine years old growing up in Germany during the second World War. Even though it is written by an Irish author and not a German one, it is well-known for depictingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Boy In The Striped Pajamas1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmost is The Boy in the Striped Pajamas.   Made in 2008, The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, is a Holocaust movie filmed from the frame of reference of an eight-year-old boy.   The director-writer, Mark Herman took the story of two boys, written by John Boyne, and developed a masterpiece (The Boy in).   With the use of these two boys, Mark Herman takes the divide of cultural bias and economic injustices and links them together.   The Boy in the Striped Pajamas is an accomplished film made with incredible characterRead MoreBoy in Striped Pajamas1470 Words   |  6 PagesIn Striped Pajamas : A Movie Analysis The film is an emotional experience highlighting the tragedy of innocence, using the point of view of an eight-year-old German boy to expose the raw psychological devastation of the era. Its an unnerving film with a knockout punch for an ending, but it feels more acceptable as an educational piece than a profoundly rewarding work of drama. This movie is based on a book that goes by the same name, The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, written by John Boyne. DirectorRead MoreAn Analysis Of John Boyne s The Boy s The Striped Pajamas 1503 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Author: John Boyne Publication Date: January 5, 2006 I chose this book because (respond in at least 2 sentences): I have watched the movie many times and I always wanted to know which was better and what the difference between the book and the film. Connecting with Character: Protagonist Bruno How do you relate to this character? Similarities Differences Beginning: Bruno wanted to meet Shmuel and become friends with him at first sight; He wanted to playRead MoreThe Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Portfolio6447 Words   |  26 PagesTable of contents Introduction | 3 | Book report | 4 | Main characters | 5 | Themes | 7 | New book covers | 9 | Words and Phrases | 10 | Reflection | 11 | Film review | 12 | Interview | 14 | Song interpretation | 16 | Peer assessment | 18 | Vocabulary | 20 | Self evaluation | 22 | Introduction This portfolio documents my dealing with the book â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas†, written by John Boyne, and the corresponding film, which was released in 2008. The reason I

Opal Marts Path New Communication Culture- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theOpal Marts Path New Communication Culture. Answer: Training planning philosophy The philosophy of Opalmarts training plan is to transfer learning in addition to new set of skills to participants. The philosophy focuses on end results of the training program rather than what are presented or resources used. The methodology of the training will involve participants solving problem, developing feedbacks, participation through supervision, and making assessments of the final results (Jehanzeb Bashir 2013, p.56). All participant are given opportunity to share and present their own ideas and opinions in groups. Participants are allowed to share own experiences, opinions and ideas in the philosophy. Each participant will be given opportunity to learn from each other, and share learning experiences. To ensure that the process works a follow up takes place after trainings have taken place. The philosophy used in the training does encourage sharing of ideas and participants supporting each other. The training will be a personalized type of approach where a group of 35-50 individuals will be trained for four weeks and a follow up of other two weeks. The groupings are important and simple in providing direct contact between the members within the group (Jha 2016, p.68). Benefits of new Opal Marts new training The Opal mart trainings are expected to benefit both the individuals and the company. Some of the benefits accruing from the training include: improved performance, productivity and ensuring effectiveness in achieving goals (Ilkevich 2016, p. 34). The training creates a suitable workplace culture that enables satisfaction among the employees. Employees will feel confident if a free participative environment is created or enhanced. The Opal mart training program assures to promote relationship between the employees and their respective managers. Open discussion communication provides a forum in which both the employees and managers can interact together thus rebuilding a close relationship. The trainings help to improve how the employees express themselves in giving their opinions, ideas and clarifications (Shenge 2014, p. 53). The training program allows employees to integrate socially and collaborate on several functions in the organization (Jha 2016, p.78). In addition it will help employees to freely give their feedback that will be useful in making corrections and track organization goals and performance. The training promotes workplace culture that enhances social integrations within the organization. The training enhances internal communication and co-ordination within the organization. Training through participation will help Opal Mart to get skills suitable in tackling emerging problems and obtain informative feedbacks. Opal Mark expects that the feedback provided will be useful for the organization in making changes in its process and functions. The end results of a training program at Opal Mart are an improved methodology in solving problems and communicating information. The greatest performance outcome of a training program is to obtain feedback from employees (Shenge 2014, p. 58). It is then n ecessary for organizations to enhance participation during training programs where employees can share information freely. Use of participation in training programs will enhance feedback generation; create change for the organization and individuals performance in the long run. Reference lists Ilkevich, B.V., Usmanova, L.T., Ilkevich, K.B., Solovyeva, N.V. and Lisitzina, T.B., 2016. Modeling of Art Students' Intellectual Motivating Training in Fundamentals of Philosophy.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(2S) Jehanzeb, K. and Bashir, N.A., 2013. Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study.European Journal of business and management,5(2) Jha, V., 2016. Training and Development Program and its Benefits to Employee and Organization: A Conceptual Study. Shenge, N.A., 2014. Training evaluation: Process, benefits, and issues.IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal,22(1), pp.50-58.

Interrelationship Between Hospitality And Travel Organisations Tourism Essay Essay Example

Interrelationship Between Hospitality And Travel Organisations Tourism Essay Essay The cordial reception sector is one of the most important service suppliers for the international travel and touristry industry. It includes all concerns which accommodate tourers and travelers when going to other finishs. They are an built-in portion of the overall experience, and must populate up to the criterions which are expected by patronages and those which are set by the industry. Modern web sites such as Trip Advisor besides set criterions based on people s ratings of their personal experiences. These ratings are viewed by possible clients from all over the universe, and can act upon their pick of hotel, motel, or any other adjustment supplier or catering constitution. Task 1- Investigate the cordial reception sector. Adjustment suppliers Hotels By and large, when tourers arrive at their concluding finish their chief involvement is to look into into their hotel room and unwind, particularly after hours of travel. It is hence important that invitees are treated with extreme attention, as they may be tired and perchance irritated after their trip. Hotels within the Euro zone typically keep 1-5 star evaluations which depend on the quality, graduated table, and the figure of comfortss and services which are offered. Hotel evaluations outside the EU are non limited to five stars, such as the extremist epicurean 7 star Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai. We will write a custom essay sample on Interrelationship Between Hospitality And Travel Organisations Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Interrelationship Between Hospitality And Travel Organisations Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Interrelationship Between Hospitality And Travel Organisations Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Adjustment is a cardinal constituent in bundle vacations. Tourists may choose for budget bundles which include basic 1 to 3 star adjustment, whilst others may choose for higher priced bundles offering 4 to 5 star adjustment. When choosing for epicurean adjustment, invitees may pass a good proportion of their clip at the hotel or resort to do full usage of the comfortss which are being offered. Guests would anticipate to be pampered throughout their stay, peculiarly for the monetary value being paid. If jobs are encountered, they would anticipate a rapid response and immediate action to be taken. 5 star constitutions normally offer 24 hr receptionist and concierge services, gentleman parking for invitees who have rented their ain autos, every bit good as 24 hr amah, care, and room service. One would besides anticipate to hold an in-room mini saloon and safe, personal attention merchandises, high velocity Wi-Fi entree, wash services, gym, watering place and a concern Centre, to call a few. 4 and 3 star hotels offer more of a comfy atmosphere than a epicurean one, whilst 2 and 1 star hotels offer basic, yet clean adjustment, and are more suitable for people who aim to pass most of their clip out-of-doorss. Suites are simple, but include a color telecasting, and an en suite bathroom. In general nevertheless, as the star evaluation lessenings, the installations and services besides decrease in figure, and perchance in quality. Although there may be certain hiccoughs in the services rendered due to human variableness, cleanliness can non endure the same destiny. Strict wellness ordinances should be abided by and enforced by wellness governments on a regular footing to guarantee that hotel operators are giving adequate importance to cleanliness. Cleanliness is so of import that Trip Advisor features it as one of the chief classs which can be rated together with service, location, suites, sleep quality and value for money. Guests can besides endorse up their cleanliness claims with blunt exposures. However, hotel comfortss and services frequently do differ from state to state, every bit good as from trade name to trade name, even within the same finish. As with all companies, it is finally up to the people running the constitutions to populate up to their star evaluations, or more suitably in today s markets, exceed them. Motels and invitee houses A motel is basically a little hotel which is specifically designed for expressway travelers. They originated in the United States when motor trips were going the norm. After a twenty-four hours of traveling, people needed a convenient topographic point to pass the dark before acquiring back on the route. Presently, one of the most popular motel ironss is Motel 6, which has more than 1000 constitutions in North America and Canada, and is run by the international Accor Hotels group. Similarly to motels, invitee houses besides provide a comparatively low-cost alternate to other adjustment. However, unlike motels, guesthouses offer adjustment on a bed and breakfast footing, where the house proprietors would fix a simple homemade breakfast for their invitees. Some travelers specifically opt for themed guesthouses, such as those which are said to be haunted. Camping Parkss, caravanning and Lodges Camping Parkss and Lodges give people the chance to bask nature and the out-of-doorss, an activity which is going progressively rare as people surround themselves with engineering. Caravans and household sized motor vehicles are most normally used by groups of friends or household members for bivouacing trips. Sir oliver lodges are typically found in wooded countries, mountain scopes, or ski resorts, and vary in quality, runing from comparatively basic to more upscale adjustment. They may take the signifier of a group of cabins with common installations or as lone cabins with dedicated installations, which are all popular options for household trips, or romantic pickups. Self-catering flats Self providing flats have become popular as they offer greater flexibleness, even though there is frequently the demand to cook and clean. They besides offer more of a homely atmosphere than motels or hotels as they consist of a kitchen, populating room, and dining country. Renting an flat may really good salvage clients money, particularly if they plan to pass most of the clip out-of-doorss. The high paying tourer may lease a epicurean Villa for a few yearss and engage their ain pantryman, whilst the mean household may make up ones mind to cook for themselves and bask passing their difficult earned money elsewhere. Cruise ships Cruise ships originally catered for the wealthy, nevertheless as costs were lowered and new concern schemes were created, they are now more low-cost to the mean income earner. Companies normally offer long-haul to short-haul sails, some of which are all inclusive and others such as easyCruise which requires frequenters to pay as they go. One would normally happen a huge choice of high quality nutrients on board, largely in buffet signifier. Providing suppliers Catering is cardinal to the success of the touristry and cordial reception industries. It is so of import that providing mercantile establishments can be found in topographic points runing from metropolis Centres and hotels to boats, trains and air hoses. Restaurants The bill of fare, music, atmosphere and pricing are the most important factors in finding which eating house to take. There are eating houses which cater for different demands, runing from low-cost takeawaies to high category and sole constitutions. Restaurants form an built-in portion of a tourer s vacation, some of whom would see the same eating house twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours if it is to their liking, whilst others may make up ones mind to see a different eating house each twenty-four hours. Chain eating houses offer tourists a sense of fiscal security. Tourists know that McDonalds in Portugal will offer the same merchandises as McDonalds in the United Kingdom. On the other manus, when it comes to non-chain eating houses it tends to be less simple. Tourists would frequently see eating houses based on recommendations made by the staff at the concierge of their hotel, from locals, or Trip adviser. Generally one would normally happen providing constitutions to accommodate all gustatory sensations and pockets. If a finish receives high, medium, and low Spenders, so there must be constitutions which cater specifically for them. The top eating houses in the universe are normally Michelin accredited, which is perchance the most olympian of all international eating house awards. A eating house can get a upper limit of three Michelin stars, intending that it is about immaculate in footings of service, nutrient quality and the overall atmosphere. Cafe Cafes used to specialize in hot drinks such as teas and javas. However, they have developed to a great extent since so and now offer a assortment of bites and nutrient offerings. As cafes addition in popularity, they tend to add more to their bill of fare to increase their client base. Cafes are going so popular that McDonalds now has its really ain McCafe, which was established to perchance vie with the likes of Starbucks or other international coffeehouse. Outside catering Cordial reception caterers are of great importance for major events such as conferences, after parties and exhibitions, which attract people from all over the universe. It is up to the organizers to guarantee that all of the participants are prepared to jointly present an unforgettable and alone experience. 5 star hotels are normally chosen for big events as they can afford to strike better balances between quality and monetary value than other lower rated hotels or providing constitutions. Theaters, cinemasand shopping composites. Traveling to the film or theater is frequently non finish without a bite or a drink. It has become usage to hold something to eat or imbibe when watching your front-runner movie or drama. Most films have their really ain bite bars, which serve drinks and bites such as Zea mays evertas and nachos. In Portugal for case, the major shopping composites such as Vasco Da Gama, Colombo shopping Centre, and Cascais Shopping in the Lisbon country have their ain film in-house. Located right following to the film entrances one would happen infinite catering constitutions runing from coffeehouse to ticket dining. Motorway service station Motorway service Stationss throughout the universe offer dining options for expressway travelers, most of which have simple coffeehouse which besides offer bites. However, some expressway service Stationss do offer constitutions such as McDonalds for case. Motorway eating houses have proven vastly popular, particularly for people going long distances on major main roads. Rail and ferry catering Railway riders normally have limited or no catering amenities onboard. Costss will doubtless be high and the scope of points available for ingestion would be limited due to the deficiency of infinite on board. Ferries on the other manus are much larger and have a batch more infinite to comfortably sit frequenters. A figure of dining countries can be provided onboard, nevertheless coffeehouse and bite bars are still the most executable. In-flight catering Space on an aircraft is even more limited, so repasts are normally reduced to two sorts of dishes on rider planes. AirMalta for case has for the past several old ages licensed Corinthia Hotels International as their official supplier of in-flight nutrient. Food parts are frequently little and specially packed to protect the nutrient from force per unit area buildup. The repasts are pre-heated and stored in little compartments in the kitchen country of the aircraft. First category circulars do sometimes hold the option to choose their ain repast, but these services are evidently reflected in the high menus. Task 2- Explain the interrelatedness between cordial reception, and travel and touristry administrations Hospitality administrations are some of the most of import service suppliers to the travel and touristry industry. Whether for leisure or for concern, people do pass a important sum of clip at their hotel, peculiarly if it is of a luxury position. Guests would intelligibly desire to harvest the benefits offered by their hotel, peculiarly for the premium monetary values paid. Package vacations The function of cordial reception in bundle vacations is really important. Hotels which are included in bundle vacations finally depend on the monetary value paid for the bundle. If person opts for a budget bundle, so one would non anticipate 5 star adjustment, but more realistically some signifier of 3 star or perchance 4 star adjustment. Popular vacation bundles are frequently aggregate purchased, so clients would profit from good hotel rates and air hose ticket monetary values. Hotels besides have particular understandings with single travel agents, offering particular rates to their companies in return for a guaranteed flow of clients from their terminal. Customers may choose for adjustment on room merely footing, bed and breakfast, half board, or more seldom, full board footing. Travel agent representatives on a regular basis check up on their clients at their hotel to guarantee that they are holding a pleasant clip. They besides discuss any jobs that they have been sing throughout the continuance of their stay, and acquire them sorted consequently. All inclusive bundles are besides available but do non offer clients the flexibleness of other bundles. Such bundles would include everything that is needed for the whole stay such as repasts, drinks, hotel, Tourss, and all other demands. Customers who opt for these bundles would normally pass most of their clip within the resort as most of their activities would be based at that place. Aviation The Airline industry s success depends really much on adjustment handiness. Airlines may lose out on concern if hotels are at full capacity. This is a serious job for air hoses winging to little finishs such as Malta, as there have been cases where all hotels on the island were to the full booked. Major air hoses must therefore analyse state of affairss sing bed handiness, and take flight times and yearss consequently. Cordial reception is besides present onboard air hoses in the signifier of catering, every bit good as kiping agreements. Budget air hoses offer nutrient and drinks at excess cost, whilst higher category air hoses frequently offer all inclusive nutrient and drinks, even to those paying for economic system seating. Some extremist epicurean air hoses even have lean backing seats which turn into beds, every bit good as Ag service dining and a centrally located saloon, where clients can take what to eat and imbibe. Business travel Business people specifically opt for hotels which are equipped with the necessary installations to work comfortably. They search for hotels with concern Centres, Wifi or overseas telegram cyberspace entree, meeting suites and conference countries, every bit good as other services such as 24 hr wash and dry cleansing. They may besides seek to suit in some clip for leisure, peculiarly in between meetings, where they would either spend clip by the pool, at the watering place, or out and about. However, due to the nature of concern travel this is non ever possible. The same goes for providing constitutions. Business people opt for some of the best eating houses in order to affect concern associates or clients. They make usage of the money supplied to them by their companies, so they can afford to take high category eating houses to attach to their luxury adjustment. Globalization has brought about a turning demand for concern related travel, and this will doubtless turn even further as finishs become more affiliated. Budget air hoses have besides made concern travel a batch more low-cost to companies, nevertheless, some companies believe that winging concern category would maintain their repute integral. Business category was basically developed for concern people who required infinite to work. Emerging finishs such as India and China are going hot spots for concern travel, and international companies from around the universe are interested in puting up subdivisions at that place. Their industries are turning faster than any other, and certain companies do non wish to lose out on any chances to increase their market portion and profitableness. Conferences and exhibitions Conferences and exhibitions are besides important for national and international travel and touristry industries. For case, between the 29th of August and the 4th of September, Malta welcomed its largest of all time conference, hosting 5000 delegates who were invited to the annual Oriflame conference, each of which stayed at 4 and 5 star hotels. In entire, 8 million Euros were injected into the local economic system, largely through adjustment costs. Outside caterers, chiefly from hotels, were chosen to fix nutrient for all of the delegates. Conference attendants are frequently hosted at the hotel at which the event is taking topographic point. Exhibitions offer consumers the possibility to see merchandises or services before buying them. The International Tourism Bourse ( ITB ) is an international exhibition which attracts exhibitioners from around the universe. Companies, administrations and NTOs showcase their new offerings and constructs to other people from the field. Such events attract 1000s of people from around the universe, profiting legion hotels in the events margin. Visitor attractive forces A visitant attractive force is anything which gets people speaking or that is of involvement to visitants, tourers and others. Attractions may take the signifier of manmade creative activities such as museums and subject Parkss, or natural attractive forces such as natural Parkss. On the other manus, some sites happen to be of involvement to people merely because of the activities taking topographic point at that place, and non because the existent topographic point hosting the event is of any involvement. Subject Parkss are perchance the most popular visitant attractive forces, jointly seeing 1000000s of visitants on a annual footing. Disneyland happens to be one of the universe s most popular flagship attractive forces, and can be found in the United States, France, Japan and China. Most theme Parkss house their ain eating houses and coffeehouse, where households can bask a repast and so acquire back to holding merriment. However, Disneyland Paris goes a few stairss farther by holding two hotels at the resort, which frequently feature in bundle vacations and are vastly popular. Task3- Describe integrating within the cordial reception industry Integration foremost gained popularity in the 1900 s, when concerns focused on making economic systems of graduated table, through which they were able to profit from lower operating costs. When companies provide their ain merchandises or services through in-house attempts, outsourcing is no longer required, hence salvaging the company money in the long tally. Through such integrating companies are besides able to increase their planetary presence and increase their market portion. Vertical integrating Vertical integrating is a procedure through which a company buys another company in the distribution concatenation, or enters a amalgamation understanding. This is chiefly done to maximize profitableness and benefit from lower operating costs. It is traditionally characterised by forward, backwards and sidelong integrating. One of the most followed and good documented episodes of perpendicular integrating was that of the Carnegie Steel fabricating company in the United States. It had complete control over the distribution concatenation including the Fe mines, steel Millss, railwaies, coal mines and the ovens required to organize the steel. The company placed economic systems of graduated table at the top of its docket, and even focused on holding people trained internally instead than using foreigners. Barriers to entry will develop, restricting competition in the market place. Companies may derive control of providers such as adjustment and transit suppliers to farther bound possible competition. If monopolistic behavior develops through broad graduated table integrating, authorities bureaus will interfere and put limitations because competition is cardinal for bettering quality in the services industry. Forward perpendicular integrating is a procedure through which a company merges with another company farther along in the distribution concatenation. For case, a hotel concatenation may make up ones mind to purchase its ain travel bureau or circuit operator in order to spread out into other markets. Hotels frequently strike understandings with travel agents and circuit operators, supplying particular room rates and offers for clients brought to them. Backward Vertical integrating is when a company purchases one of its providers and makes proper usage of its inputs for the benefit of the administration. A circuit operator may buy an air hose company or a hotel, as they are both providers of services which are important to the bundle industry. TUI AG has over the class of its development created the TUI Hotels and Resorts trade name, which owns and runs hotel trade names such as Robinson, Magic life, Iberotel, Grecotel, Riu and Grupotel, numbering 243 hotels around the universe. It has late embarked on an wholly new undertaking for the company, the first TUI branded hotel. The TUI Hotel Kaluga has 136 luxury suites and 74 flats, and is targeted specifically at concern people. Lateral integrating on the other manus requires the amalgamation of two administrations which may hold indirectly related merchandises and services ; nevertheless they need non be in direct competition with one another. The three types of perpendicular integrating give a sum-up of possible schemes which may be adopted as companies frequently make usage of different discrepancies of these schemes. Horizontal integrating Horizontal integrating is of import for companies which want to spread out their client base, benefit from economic systems of graduated table and above all, maximise profitableness. It occurs when a company purchases or merges with a company at the same phase of the distribution concatenation. A fitting illustration of this occurred last August when Hilton hotels international purchased a hotel at the Walt Disney World Resort for ˆ92,202,465. Toyota, Peugeot and Citroen late formed a pool for the production of their 107, C1 and Aygo cars, which are all based on the same shared platform, engines and hardware. The three companies shared their cognition and resources to accomplish a common end. Although this illustration is non straight related to the cordial reception industry, these autos have helped auto rental companies increase their gross revenues by a important border in Europe because tourers find them low-cost to lease, environmentally friendly, dependable, and merriment to drive. Horizontal integrating can besides be complementary in nature as opposed to competitory. Airlines frequently work closely with hotel ironss, harvesting some of the benefits which are offered by amalgamations without the existent hazards. Such relationships are seeable in the pick of air hoses made by hotels for their air hose stat mis schemes. Airlines gather informations from hotels to seek and do their flight agendas correspond with adjustment handiness ; nevertheless this is non ever possible due to the dynamism and complexness of the cordial reception and travel industries. To avoid letdown, the bulk of tourers book their adjustment beforehand to guarantee that they have their suites available upon reaching. Deductions of integrating on the cordial reception sector. Branding A Brand name entirely may raise up certain feelings or emotions related to personal experiences with the trade name. As with all industries, the success of the touristry industry depends on the stigmatization techniques adopted by all the key participants, and how good they can present their messages to aim markets. It is important that clients are able to tie in themselves with such trade names, and frailty versa. Trade names frequently aim to do their loyal clients see their merchandises or services as an extension of their personality or character. For case, if a group of concern people check in to the Sheraton Pine Cliffs hotel in the Algarve, they would anticipate the same check-in processs, concern comfortss and munificent luxuries as any other Sheraton hotel. Anything different for the money paid would frequently be unacceptable. Merely like Sheraton, Westin besides belongs to Starwood Hotels and Resorts. It is an upscale trade name which caters for all kinds of clients who are after epicurean adjustment. It has top category comfortss for concern people, and all the luxuries that twosomes would anticipate for that romantic pickup. It besides happens to be the most household oriented trade name within the Starwood group, offering installations where kids can play under changeless supervising. The life squad at the Westin Dragonara Resort in Malta frequently organises activities during the twenty-four hours, such as Sony drama station tourneies for adolescents, or synergistic games and other merriment activities for kids. Westin hotels around the universe besides have a kids s check-in point at response to do them experience every bit of import as their accompanying grownups. All of the above constructs are an built-in portion of the company s stigmatization scheme. Coupled with other factors, kids may utilize their positive experiences to act upon their parents into sing that same hotel clip and clip once more. Market control and integrating between larger administrations Some of the UK s major circuit operators have purchased hotels overseas to increase their planetary presence and profitableness. By making so, they are able to command their hotel rates to their advantage, perchance conveying more low-cost bundles to their clients whilst increasing their gross revenues. Although this sort of activity is good to the company, it can be damaging to smaller companies in the industry. Integration between big administrations doubtless poses a menace to smaller administrations, and it is inevitable that employees and their households will endure as the larger administrations take over. Although frequently unfortunate, travel and touristry basically depends on the endurance of the fittest, the companies which are able to offer the best balance between quality, measure and value for money. In certain cases, the growing of the Internet is restricting the potency of forward integrating, peculiarly when it comes to vacation bundles. It has thrown some travel agents out of concern, as they did non hold the necessary financess to switch their physical operations to practical platforms. The morning of dynamic packaging was besides a major menace to these companies, so much so that UK circuit operators are in the procedure of shuting down retail mercantile establishments to concentrate more on cyberspace merchandising. Although possible clients will profit from lower costs over the cyberspace, this can present a grave menace to society as 1000s of people may endure from unemployment. Direct merchandising over the cyberspace is widely employed by hotels that have their ain online booking systems. This makes the reserves process a batch simpler, cheaper, and less clip devouring for possible invitees, every bit good as for hotels. However, a reserves squad is still required for those engagements which are made straight with the hotel over the phone or at the forepart desk. Some people feel more comfy doing physical payments because they may non wish to supply their personal inside informations over the cyberspace. Or they may merely bask the human interaction. Increased globalization After a company expands successfully in its finish of beginning, abroad markets are frequently following in line. Globalization is the consequence of a aggregation of enlargements, which can be analysed from an internal and external position. A company will confront internal globalization whereby its employees from around the universe will develop relationships with one another. External globalization is when squad members interact with clients from all over the universe. Social networking web sites besides allow for such communicating to happen. Companies frequently create their ain histories on web sites such as Facebook and Twitter, through which squad members and loyal clients from around the universe can fall in in and prosecute in treatments. Globalization has besides made manner for a drastic decrease in trade barriers, peculiarly within the European Union. EU states frequently benefit from lower priced merchandises and services when trade occurs within the Euro zone. This benefits adjustment and providing suppliers to a great extent, peculiarly when buying in majority. Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide is doubtless one of the most powerful international hotel and leisure ironss. It has had enormous success through its integrating undertakings over the last old ages. In the twelvemonth 2005 it acquired the Le Meridien trade name and its full portfolio, which amounted to 130 hotels and resorts internationally. This acquisition has increased Starwood s client base to a great extent with extremist smart belongingss in Africa, Europe, the Middle East every bit good as the Asian Pacific, and many more to come. Starwood s preferable invitee programme has besides benefitted Le Meridien s loyal invitees as they have entree to over 700 finishs as a consequence of the coup detat. Mr. Steven J. Heyer, who at the clip occupied the place of CEO at Starwood, believed that the acquisition of Le Meridien was a really exciting development for the Starwood trade name. Le Meridien hotels are located in finishs where Starwood had small to no presence prior to the coup detat. The Le Meridien trade name provided the company with another exciting undertaking to attach to their recent Aloft hotel trade name. Since Starwood s coup detat, The Le Meridien trade name has been come oning steadily with widespread betterments in grosss and growing. Le Meridien Balluta in Malta happens to be one of Malta s top five 5 stars belongingss, and it is steadily working its manner up. It began operations in the twelvemonth 2004, merely one twelvemonth prior to the trade name s coup detat by Starwood. Impacts of integrating Economies of graduated table and market portion Operating costs can be reduced significantly when companies integrate. If a circuit operator takes over a hotel, the cost associated with investing would be high, nevertheless the benefits reaped by offering a wider assortment of merchandises or services can be seen instantly. In this instance, integrating would let the circuit operator to cut down its dependence on other adjustment suppliers as most operations can be taken attention of within company parametric quantities. The more reputable hotels the circuit operator is willing and able to put in, the more good it will be from an operating cost base point. The circuit operator may take down the costs of its bundles and pass the benefits onto the consumers. With the right schemes in topographic point, market portion will increase and profitableness will be maximised. Through horizontal integrating, companies can widen their bing client base, whilst through perpendicular integrating companies can come in new markets and pull an wholly different client base. Standardization Standardization is a complex and clip devouring procedure, peculiarly in an industry which involves so many variables. Automated procedures can most surely be standardised, nevertheless it is a batch more hard to standardize the human component, albeit non being impossible. For case, McDonald s eating houses throughout the universe have had their procedures standardised. Whichever finish one visits, the processs which employees follow are close indistinguishable, and the same goes for the nutrient. The company tends to be extremely efficient, clip oriented, predictable and commanding over its procedures and work force. Standardization can be possible in hotels, nevertheless it is limited. The manner in which a telephone operator answers the phone can be standardised, and so can the manner in which invitees are greeted upon check-in. Variability will ever be an issue, as the different sections within a company are run by different forces, who each have their ain criterions and ways of covering with state of affairss. Quality It is non guaranteed that quality will better through integrating. As ever, it depends on how variable the human component is. If a hotel is taken over by another, it does non intend that the new proprietor will hold a better attack towards bettering quality. Employees may non acquire along with their new foremans because they believe that the attack being adopted towards bettering quality is non executable or practical, hence doing the hazard of mistake greater. It is hence important that the direction of any administration does non choose for a rigorous top-down bureaucratism. Management must listen to what employees have to state because they are the people who are in changeless contact with clients, and they know precisely what clients are anticipating from the administration. Hotels within the same hotel concatenation besides face such jobs, even though it is at the top of their docket to offer quality services throughout. General decision Catering and adjustment suppliers keep the travel and touristry industry alive as few people would hold the inducement to go if there are non any nice topographic points to eat and kip. There are hotels and eating houses which cater for different mark markets. Business people may necessitate a concern oriented hotel which offers all of the necessary comfortss for concern communications, whilst a household may choose for a resort puting where they can pass most of their clip relaxing by the pool. The different hotel star evaluations provide possible invitees with an array of adjustment suppliers to accommodate their pockets. If they do non wish to remain at a hotel, they may so choose for a motel whish offers standard adjustment at really low rates, a invitee house which offers a homely scene and place cooked repasts, or a Lodge, where invitees can loosen up and profit from the fresh outdoor air. The cordial reception industry must work hand-in-hand with the travel and touristry industry to supply tourers with a seamless experience, where all constituents must be carefully planned to offer the best value for money. It is when such coactions fail that people will take other administrations, or worse, other finishs. It is hence in the best involvement of any administration that communicating between join forcesing parties is clear and precise. Integration is inevitable for some administrations which aim to spread out their concerns. It gives them control over suppliers at different or the same phases of the distribution concatenation, with the purpose of increasing market portion, cut downing operating costs, bettering quality and maximizing profitableness. Companies integrate as it is frequently less hazardous than get downing up new companies, as most systems would already be in topographic point. It will besides take clip for people to develop a sense of trust for a company that has merely started up.

Piet Mondrian an Example by

Piet Mondrian Piet Mondrian was born into Dutch Aristocracy in Amersfoort, Netherlands in March 7, 1872. He studied at the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten. He was a teacher in Primary Education and a painter on the side. Need essay sample on "Piet Mondrian" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Mondrian's early works were landscapes in subdued colors depicting Holland, its windmills, fields and rivers. His style was impressionistic, but vertical and horizontal lines were already evident which would later be a prominent characteristic of his works. Around 1908 his colors became brighter. Dutch painter Toorop was a great influence as he began to shift to expressionism. He called his paintings as compositions and his style continued to evolve for his next 30 active years. He experimented with different styles and techniques apparently in search of a style all his own. Similarly art movements like pointillism and favism had influences on works. His early abstracts from 1905-1908 were mostly of trees and houses reflected in water that appeared like blots of ink. From 1872-1944 his art had touches of the spiritual and the philosophical. At this time the influence came from Helen Petrovna Blavatsky who began the theosophical movement that believed that there is more to nature than what can be ordinarily seen. He moved to Paris towards the end of 1911, where he added an "a" to his name "Mondriaan". He started to work on cubism, influenced mainly by the works of Picasso and Braque. His cubist works had interlocking planes and geometrics where picture spaces were narrow and seen from the front. He veered towards analytical cubism and seminaturalism, further leading him to abstraction. This can be seen on his series of paintings of trees and scaffoldings. In 1914 he moved back to the Netherlands and stayed for a while because of the outbreak of WWI. By this time his art was a fusion with his philosophical studies. He moved in the art circle where he met Bart van der Leck and Theo van Doesbug. The period was a great turning point for his art. Van der Leck's influence on him as the use of primary colors. With Theo van Doesbug, he co-founded De Stijl, which was an art magazine. Mondrian published essays explaining his theories, foremost of them is neoplasticism, which believed that art should not be a mere reproduction but an artist's expression. Mondrian was as good with his paintings as he was with his prose. He published Die Nieuwe Beelding in de Schilderkunst or the The New Plastic in Painting to explain his art theories. An example was how he painted nature. Like any other artist, he got so inspired and emotional with the subject that put the great desire to create. Then he placed everything and all else aside to see and paint truthfully. In 1919 he returned to Paris and stayed until 1938. He enjoyed the art scene and developed his full potential as an artist. His abstracts came into fore, the style that he would be most known for. Grids would always be present, thinner rectangles, gray, lines fading towards edge, and leaving little space for whites. His paintings reached their mature and defining level. Forms are heavier, bolder, fewer and whites were more dominant.. His works continue to evolve. In the mid-1920s his works were extremely minimalistic. His Schilderij No. 1: Lozenge with Two Lines and Blue was simply two black perpendicular lines with a small blue triangle. The lines extend to the end of the canvass so they appear to be a part of a much larger work. He left Paris in September 1938 and went to London. From London he went to New York City. Some of his works were started on either Paris or London and completed in New York. His Lozenge Composition with Four Yellow Lines had thick colored lines. His other works had long lines of red mixing with black lines , or interlacing red, blue and yellow lines or overlapping lines. His Broadway Boogie-Woogie had bright-colored squares that shimmered and leaped from the canvass. Victory Boogie Woogie had multi-colored adjoining rectangles. His paintings were bright and alive reflective of the upbeat mood of the city and a revolutionary deviation in style. His grids continue to be adopted by graphic design artists today, his legacy to the advertising world. Up to the time of his death in 1944, his works continue to excite because of their different styles and movements, products of his art's continuous evolution. References: "Piet Mondrian." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 18 January 2007. 19 January 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian "Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesbug." 19 January 2007. "Piet Mondrian (1872-1944)." 2003. 19 January 2007. http://www.pietmondrian.com "Piet Mondrian" 19 January 2007. http://www.mystudios.com/bios/Piet_Mondrian.html "Early Graphic Designers like Piet Mondrian." 19 January 2007.

Free Essays on Rodney King

It seemed like an open-and-shut case. The George Holliday video, played on television so often that an executive at CNN called it "wallpaper," showed three Los Angeles police officersas their supervisor watched kicking, stomping on, and beating with metal batons a seemingly defenseless African-American named Rodney King. Polls taken shortly after the incident showed that over 90% of Los Angeles residents who saw the videotape believed that the police used excessive force in arresting King. Despite the videotape, a jury in Simi Valley concluded a year later that the evidence was not sufficient to convict the officers. Within hours of the jury's verdict, Los Angeles erupted in riots. When it was over, fifty-four people had lost their lives, over 7,000 people had been arrested, and hundreds of millions of dollars worth of property had been destroyed. Why did the twelve members of the jury fail to convict any of the officers? Was the jury racist, as some charged? Or did the jury see something in the evidence that justified the brutality witnessed on the Holliday videotape? March 3, 1991 On the night of March 2, 1991, Rodney Glen King watched a basketball game and drank forty-ounce bottles of Olde English 800 at a friend's home in suburban Los Angeles. After the game, King proposed a trippossibly to pick up some girls. King and two friends, "Pooh" Allen and Freddie Helms, took off driving west down the 210 freeway. At 12:30 A.M., a husband-and-wife team of the California Highway Patrol, Tim and Melanie Singer, spotted King's Hyundai behind them driving at a very high speed. The Singers exited at the Sunland Boulevard off ramp and returned to the freeway to chase the speeding car at speeds of up to 117 miles per hour. King ignored the flashing lights and sped off an exit ramp. He ran a red light, nearly causing an accident, before finally coming to a stop near the entrance to Hansen Dam Park, at the intersect... Free Essays on Rodney King Free Essays on Rodney King It seemed like an open-and-shut case. The George Holliday video, played on television so often that an executive at CNN called it "wallpaper," showed three Los Angeles police officersas their supervisor watched kicking, stomping on, and beating with metal batons a seemingly defenseless African-American named Rodney King. Polls taken shortly after the incident showed that over 90% of Los Angeles residents who saw the videotape believed that the police used excessive force in arresting King. Despite the videotape, a jury in Simi Valley concluded a year later that the evidence was not sufficient to convict the officers. Within hours of the jury's verdict, Los Angeles erupted in riots. When it was over, fifty-four people had lost their lives, over 7,000 people had been arrested, and hundreds of millions of dollars worth of property had been destroyed. Why did the twelve members of the jury fail to convict any of the officers? Was the jury racist, as some charged? Or did the jury see something in the evidence that justified the brutality witnessed on the Holliday videotape? March 3, 1991 On the night of March 2, 1991, Rodney Glen King watched a basketball game and drank forty-ounce bottles of Olde English 800 at a friend's home in suburban Los Angeles. After the game, King proposed a trippossibly to pick up some girls. King and two friends, "Pooh" Allen and Freddie Helms, took off driving west down the 210 freeway. At 12:30 A.M., a husband-and-wife team of the California Highway Patrol, Tim and Melanie Singer, spotted King's Hyundai behind them driving at a very high speed. The Singers exited at the Sunland Boulevard off ramp and returned to the freeway to chase the speeding car at speeds of up to 117 miles per hour. King ignored the flashing lights and sped off an exit ramp. He ran a red light, nearly causing an accident, before finally coming to a stop near the entrance to Hansen Dam Park, at the intersect...

African American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

African American - Essay Example nds to look into the history of anti-black oppression for the period from 1865 to 1941, that is, Reconstruction and the time of Jim Crow, and identify how blacks adopted various strategies to resist the onslaught. The Civil War was disastrous for the South. Lasting from 1861 until 1865, it killed a considerable number of people, and devastated the Southern aristocracy in all means. As the Thirteenth Amendment was accepted, the blacks became a freed lot instantaneously. They eagerly started pursuing everything the free people did. For example, they started political actions, opened churches and schools, bought arms, drank liquor, and owned dogs. Though there was the call for a New South, there was no significant improvement in the condition of the African-Americans. Many of them were forced to continue as sharecroppers and tenant farmers because the textile, iron, and steel factories preferred white women instead of blacks (Gao, 2000, pp. 59-60). This kind of discrimination is evidenced in the story of Frances, the black daughter of a white man, Emmanuel Driggus. Though Emmanuel tried his best to save the girl from slavery, the judicial system did not allow that. Though she approached a court of law alleging her master of fathering her child, she was punished for fornication but the person she accused was set free as the court was not ready to take a black woman’s word against a white man (Aurora, 2013). Though the Civil Rights Act of 1875 abolished discrimination in public places, there was a flood of court cases against the Act, resulting in the infamous Jim Crow laws (Morrison, 2003, p. 71). This created an atmosphere promoting white racial superiority, and violence and lynching of blacks rose sharply (Hine, Hine & Harold, 2011, p. 97). Another serious trouble faced by the blacks was the attempts to deny their voting rights. Though the Fifteenth Amendment offered them the right to vote, many southern states attempted to deny their rights through various

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Law - Essay Example It was held that in determining whether or not the defendant lost his/her self-control, the jury may consider that are not confined to the defendant’s age and gender.6 Therefore Douglas, having just returned from a long road trip and having found his young wife in bed with his neighbour may be mitigating factors. Douglas appears to have been in total control however. He went to a pub which might indicate that the incident did not provoke him to such an extent that he lost control and acted in the heat of passion. However, by virtue of Section 54(2) of the 2009 the loss of self-control element does not have to be sudden.7 Therefore the fact that Douglas went to a pub after finding his wife in bed with the neighbour prior to stabbing the neighbour will not be a factor in his defence of provocation. The most significant problem for Douglas is proving that the stabbing was not an act of revenge. According to Section 54(4), Section 54(1) will not apply if â€Å"D acted in a consid ered desire for revenge†.8 However, since the 2009 Act fails to define what is a â€Å"considered desire for revenge† this part of the provocation defence is difficult to assess at this time. It may be that Douglas’ intoxication may act as evidence that he was not acting in revenge since the word considered tends to suggest that some thought and preparation preceded the act. The ultimate test for Douglas is provided for under Section 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Section 55 provides that the qualifying trigger is satisfied if things that were said and/or done were of an â€Å"extremely grave character† and â€Å"caused D to have a justifiable sense of being seriously wronged†.9 In this regard, having returned home from a long road trip and finding his young wife in bed with the neighbour may be considered conduct of a seriously grave character to justify a sense of being seriously wronged. Unfortunately, Section 55(c) will deprive Douglas of this defence because, infidelity is not a qualifying trigger. 10 Douglas will therefore not be able to use the provocation defence by virtue of Section 54 of the 2009 Act. The defence of intoxication relies on distinguishing between being drunk and intoxicated. For instance an individual may be drunk when he/she commits a criminal act that he/she would not otherwise commit in a sober state. However, the defence of intoxication is not available if the mens rea for the offence charged was formed while the defendant was drunk.11 As the court cautioned in Sheehan, â€Å"a drunken intent is nevertheless an intent†.12 The court went on to state that: The jury should merely be instructed to have regard to all the evidence, including that relating to drink, to draw such inferences as they think proper from the evidence, and on that basis to ask themselves whether they feel sure that at the material time the defendant had the requisite intent.13 This ruling is very important to Do uglas’s defence of intoxication. This means that the jury is entitled to take into consideration the facts and circumstances occurring prior to Douglas’

Employee Relations in Contemporary Organisations Essay

Employee Relations in Contemporary Organisations - Essay Example The main impetus for employee relations is the need for participation in management and the encouragement of participation as a result of democracy (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004 p276). They state that â€Å"participation is by definition a higher-trust and positive-sum activity where the emphasis is placed on the shared resolution of issues to the mutual benefit and gain of those involved† (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004 p276). This implies that participation is an appropriate means through which both employers and employees can resolve their differences. However, the idea of participation led to the creation of trade unions and the incorporation of trade unionist policies in workplaces (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004). Also, the inclusion of European social policies encouraged bargaining and collective participation. Evolution from the Old Unionism Boxall and Purcell (2003) identify that the old industrial relations of the early 20th century was about control and stability and gaining agr eements to keep the production system going and avoiding disruptive conflicts. These arrangements were not legally enforceable. However, the post-war era ushered in a new period where participation of employees in organizations was done through unions. These unions were representatives of employees through collective bargaining arrangements. Collective bargaining is defined as â€Å"a process through which representation of employers and employee organizations act as joint creators of substantive and procedural rules regulating employment† (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004 p226). In other words, these were situations where important and relevant issues between employers and employees were discussed. The most common 'substantive' issue is the demand for fairer wages. Also, it involved the utilization of a clearly laid down procedure or system whereby employees could assert their demands based on the market value of their collective supply of labor. Most businesses after 1950 had unio ns. The only exceptions were traditionalist organizations that hated unionism and sophisticated paternalists who had management policies which substituted for the unions' presence (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004 p303). However, towards the 21st century, employee relations evolved after the old system of tripartite negotiations collapsed. In the 1980s, trade unionism and collective bargaining fell because of three main things: 1. There was a reduction the proportion of employees covered by collective bargaining arrangements. 2. There was a growing tendency for those arrangements to be local rather than national and 3. The narrowing of the scope of collective bargaining. In 1984, 70% of employees were members of collective bargaining groups. However, in the 1980s, the structures of the trade unions were exposed because they were not capable of dealing with the economic restructuring (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004). In 1990, only 52% of workers were members of collective bargaining groups. By 1 998, this figure had fallen to 40%. Today, the main framework of employee relations include three main elements; science building, problem-solving, ethical systems(Kaufman, 2004 p42).

Climate Change And Creating Climate Refugees Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change And Creating Climate Refugees Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction 1.1 Background The world is undergoing a broad set of global changes, like changes in population density, climate, resource use, land use, biodiversity, and urbanization and globalization processes. Climate change is one of the drivers of global change, which has over the years been received strong focus by scientists, policy-makers and leaders of the world (Vitousek, 1994). At present climate change is considered as emerging global threat that not only induces physical environmental impacts but also affects the social structures, economic factors and the overall development process (Birkmann, 2010). This emerging threat has introduced a new social community named Climate Refugee especially for the affected developing nations. The UN currently states that more refugees are displaced by environmental catastrophes than wars, and the number of the climate refugee is more than 25 million which is likely to become 50 million in coming decades (Meyers, 2002). Out of those 25 million people about 10 milli on are from Africa who are directly affected by the climate change via droughts. The second largest group is from coastal areas of Asian countries, who are affected by natural disasters like cyclones, storm surges, floods, salinity and droughts (Anon, 2010). The cumulative effects of climate change exacerbate food and water insecurity, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem, environmental degradation and human insecurity through social conflict, political conflict and violence in the affected developing countries (Adger and Kelly, 1999). Hence, the socioeconomic structures are undermined in these countries where the affected people are compelled to switch over occupations for livelihood. These are the people who can no longer ensure a secured livelihood in their origin of dwelling (Mayers, 2002). Together with climate change effects, population pressure problem and hardcore poverty have induced a notable change in the whole economic structure of these countries. As a result, these countries are suffered from chronic socio-economic inequality and social instability (Barnett, 2007). Bangladesh often makes top news all over the world. However, unlike most other countries, it is not because of politics but for devastating natural catastrophes causing huge death tolls and massive destruction. This South Asian LDC, since her independence in 1971, has been struggling with a number of socioeconomic and socio-political problems such as- rapid population growth, poverty, illiteracy, gender disparity, slow economic growth, institutional inertia, political instability, violence and so on. But from last two decades she started struggling with a new problem- the adverse effects of climate change in the form of natural disasters (Miliband, 2009). Over the last two decades these disasters have become regular phenomena contributed miserable suffering to millions of inhabitants who are vulnerable to the climatic shocks (GoB, 2005). In other words, climate risk for Bangladesh is relatively higher than most other countries of the world. The Global Climate Risk Index prepared by G ermanwatch shows that Bangladesh is at top of the ranking of most affected countries by climatic extreme events over the last two decades. Table 1.1 shows the overall ranking made by Germanwatch. Table 1.1 Long term Climate Risk Index (CRI) for most affected countries for period 1990-2008 CRI 1990-2008 Country CRI Score Death toll* Deaths/thousand* Total looses in million US$ PPP* Losses per GDP in %* 1 Bangladesh 8.00 8,241 6.27 2,189 1.81 2 Myanmar 8.25 4,522 9.60 707 2.55 3 Honduras 12.00 340 5.56 660 3.37 4 Vietnam 18.83 466 0.64 1,525 1.31 5 Nicaragua 21.00 164 3.37 211 2.03 6 Haiti 22.83 335 4.58 95 1.08 7 India 25.83 3,255 0.33 6,132 0.38 8 Dominican Republic 27.58 222 2.93 191 0.45 9 Philippines 27.67 799 1.11 544 0.30 10 China 28.58 2,023 0.17 25,961 0.78 * Annual Source: Germanwatch, 2010 that the most common disasters are flood and cyclone. Recent IPCC assessment reports (TAR, 2001 and AR4, 2007) also reveal that over the last two decades both of the above-mentioned disaster-events have become more frequent and devastating for Bangladesh. It is learnt from IPCC reports that 5-10% increase in wind speed is very likOn basis of above-mentioned table, it is easy to apprehend why Bangladesh was cited numerous occasions in COP15 held in Copenhagen in 2009. At present this country is more likely to exposed towards climatic extreme events than most of the countries in the world (UNFCCC, 2009). These events, in form of natural disasters range from ravaging cyclones to devastating floods (Muhammad, 2007). Following Table 1.2 provides an overall idea on most devastating disasters occurred in Bangladesh since early twentieth century. This table shows Table 1.2 Disaster-log in Bangladesh since early 1900s Disasters Time Disasters Time Epidemic 1918 Cyclone 24-5-1985 Drought 1943 Flood 22-7-1987 Cyclone October 1942 Flood August 1987 Cyclone 28-5-1963 Flood June 1988 Cyclone May 1965 Cyclone 29-4-1991 Cyclone June 1965 Cyclone 15-5-1995 Flood July 1968 Flood 5-7-1998 Cyclone 12-11-1970 Flood September 2000 Flood July 1974 Flood 20-6-2004 Drought July 1983 Cyclone 15-11-2007 Flood May 1984 Cyclone 27-05-2009 Source: EMDAT likely during the cyclone-season in Bangladesh that would eventually enhance storm surge and coastal flooding, while 10-20% increases of wind intensity can cause floods both in coast and inlands as the cyclone makes land fall (Agarwala, 2003). It has been assessed that an increase of 2 ° C temperature and a 0.3 m sea level rise would cause a cyclone in the costal belt of Bangladesh as strong as cyclone of 1991; furthermore, such a cyclone is likely to result in a 1.5 m higher storm surge that may inundate 20% more land than 1991 cyclone (Ali, 1996). The most recent example of costal cyclone as possible effect of climate change is SIDR which battered the coastal belt in Bangladesh on 15th November 2007. The wind speed was about 220 to 240 km/hour and at least 3,113 people were known dead and more than 10,000 were missing; the damage due to this disaster had been around US$ 2.3 million (EMDAT, 2009). The intensity of SIDR was not less than the 1991 cyclone in some part of the coastal areas and the impact was even more than that. Furthermore, on 27th May 2009, another devastating cyclone named AILA hit the South-western part of Bangladesh and West Bengal of India, which exacerbated the suffering for the affected people in Bangladesh; although an early warning system enabled the evacuation of an estimated 2.7 million people to higher ground and cyclone shelter-houses (BBC, 2009). It is predicted that a single meter rise of sea level would inundate more than 18% of the coastal belt and will affect 11% of the total countrys population. Two-third of the whole country is only 10 m above the sea level; therefore, about 13 million of the total population may likely to be homeless and become environmental refugees as the victim of climate changing process (Huq et al, 1999). Khulna and Barisal, the costal divisions of Bangladesh are relatively disaster-prone, where about 3.2 million people are at risk and about one-eighth of the countrys agricultural lands and more than 8,000 communication networks are likely to be affected due to climate change effects (Parvin, 2010). 1.2 Statement of the problem About one third of the territory of Bangladesh is delimited as coastal areas which are combined of distinctive opportunities, diversified threats and vulnerabilities (HarunOrRashid, 2009). It is because coastal areas possess different geo-physical and environmental characteristics that distinguish the coastal zone from rest of the country. These distinctive characteristics are interplay of tidal regime, salinity in soil and water, cyclone and storm surge; with economic and social implications on the population (PDO-ICZMP, 2003). Hence, such identical geo-physical pattern has introduced a completely different livelihood pattern, where people are involved with selected coastal economic activities like fishing, salt production, fry collection from the sea and resource collection from the adjacent mangrove forest (Ahmed, 2003, Islam, 2004). Although the coastal areas are much more fertile land for agricultural production, these areas are relatively income-poor compared to the rest of the country. Average per capita GDP (at current market price) in the coastal zone was US$ 402 in 2008, compared to US$ 621 for the whole country on average (GoB, 2009; CDP, 2009). There are ten different ethnic communities living in the coastal zones and they have complete different cultures and livelihood patterns. Along with the nontribal people, those ethnic communities completely depend on the coastal natural resources for their livelihood (Kamal, 2001). Their despair and dream, plight and struggle, vulnerability and resilience are uniquely revolved round in an intricate ecological and social setting which make their livelihoods distinctive from other parts of the country to a considerable extent. The Government of Bangladesh has already recognized coastal zone as areas of enormous potentials. In contrast, these areas are lagging behind in socio-economic development and vulnerable to different natural disasters and environmental degradation (Sevaraju, 2006). For a LDC like Bangladesh where the climate change takes a shape of natural disaster not only affects the socio-economic condition of coastal communities but also hinders obtaining an optimal GDP growth (ADPC, 2007). Climate change poses a significant threat for Bangladesh, particularly the projected climate change effects include sea level rise, higher temperature, enhanced monsoon precipitation and run-off, potentially reduced dry season precipitation and increase in cyclone intensity in this region (Agrawala, 2003). Those threats would induce serious impediments to the socioeconomic development of Bangladesh including coastal areas. A subjective ranking of key climate change effects for coastal Bangladesh identifies cyc lone and sea level rise as being of the highest priority in terms of severity, certainty and urgency of impact (Parvin, 2009). National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) and other scholars have identified the coastal areas of Bangladesh as one of the most affected areas in the world due to the threats of climate change effects (GoB 2005). In the southwestern part of Bangladesh the physical isolation of coastal communities makes them highly resource-dependent available around the coast and adjacent mangrove forest (the Sundarbans), which reduces their opportunities to access to alternative livelihoods indeed. These hindrances make the coastal communities vulnerable to any disruption, especially to natural catestrophes. As a result, households in coastal communities suffer from imbalance of social and economic powers, lack of participation in decision-making, limited or zero asset ownership, and laws and regulations influencing peoples ability to use assets or access to resources (Pomeroy et al., 2006). 1.3 Justification of the study There are only a few number of studies have been conducted on coastal Bangladesh. These studies are mainly conducted on hazard warning and evacuation system (Paul and Dutt, 2010), health security due to disaster (Ray-Bennet et al., 2010), physical injuries during cyclones (Paul, 2009), and coastal hazards and community-coping method (Parvin, 2009). So, most of these studies focused on the coping and adaptation mechanisms in coastal areas. However, we hardly find any study that addressed the socioeconomic vulnerability in local level of coastal zone, especially in the southwestern part of Bangladesh. Hence, without identifying local-level vulnerability pattern the suggested coping or adaptation mechanism is likely to be least effective in reality. In this study we attempt to fill up the knowledge gap by identifying quantitative local-level vulnerability at first; then we try to look for optimal adaptation options based on empirical relationship between vulnerability and important soci oeconomic parameters. We selected Koyra upazila  [1]  as our study area, which one of the most disaster-prone areas in southwestern coastal zone of Bangladesh. 1.4 Research questions and objectives of the study Considering all the above-mentioned facts, we proceed with the discovery of logical answers of following research questions; What is the symptom of climate change in the study area? Which major climatic factors constitute for climate change here? Which factors exacerbate such vulnerability? Is there any single factor or multiple factors? What is the nature and magnitude of relationship between this vulnerability and socioeconomic factors in the study area? What are the possible adaptation options in terms of capacity for the vulnerable households in study area? The above-mentioned research questions are addressed by the study objectives. Hence, the main study objectives are; To understand and figure out the manifestation of climate change in the study area, To quantify socioeconomic vulnerability and assess the nature and magnitude of the relationship between vulnerability and major socioeconomic parameters of the study area, and To identify and recommend the optimal adaptation options in terms of capacity of households in the study area while addressing socioeconomic vulnerability. 1.5 Outline of this study This study consists of nine chapters. Let us have a glimpse at the brief contents of all the chapters chronologically. Chapter one is introduction. It provides an overall scenario on Bangladeshs status in relations with climate change effects. We briefly discuss about the problem statement and then we identify the possible knowledge gap of socioeconomic vulnerability in the study area. We conclude this chapter by mentioning a number of research questions, which are addressed by three main objectives of this study. In Chapter two we focus on the theoretical background and theoretical framework for this study. Under theoretical background we mention and briefly discuss relevant literatures in accordance with our study objectives. Then we depict the theoretical framework for this study, which is used for quantifying socioeconomic vulnerability of the study area. We mention about the methodology of this study in Chapter three. In this chapter we focus on types of research that we have adopted in this study. Then in accordance with study objectives we mention associated data type, collection techniques and data sources. We also mention the sampling method and sampling size. The construction of vulnerability index is discussed in this chapter. Finally we conclude by mentioning the impediments those we faced while accomplishing this study. Chapter four deals with the description of study area Koyra. We mention important information about geographical location, administration, topographic, physiographic and socioeconomic condition. We include a Disaster Calendar for our study area that we made by collecting information from households. Chapter five deals with identification of climate change effects and quantification of socioeconomic vulnerability at local level of study area. In this we show possible climate change effects in the study area based on empirical data and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) findings. Later we quantify vulnerability for each union  [2]  by applying the Vulnerability Index. We show union-wise vulnerability with the help of maps. Once we have quantified vulnerability, we conduct a number of econometric analyses in Chapter six in order to show relationship between vulnerability and important socioeconomic parameters of study area. We mention the major findings from analyses in two different tables. We also put brief explanation of models and variables used in this study. In Chapter seven we discuss the major findings obtained from model analyses in elaborated way. Here we also mention the possible reasons behind the nature and extent of relationship between vulnerability and socioeconomic parameters of study area. At the end of this chapter we check the consistency of vulnerability index by applying an alternative approach. Subsequent regression coefficients of alternative approach are also tested and compared with the old model results. Based on the results of relationship mentioned in chapter six and seven; we recommend the optimal adaptation options for the affected people through brief description in Chapter eight. We also draw few of our recommendations on basis of correlation between different variables. The existing adaptation options in study area are also mentioned in Chapter eight. We conclude this study in Chapter nine. We summarize major findings from this study in a nut shell. Besides, we focus on shortcomings of the approach we used to quantify vulnerability. In fine we mention the issues that we did not address in this study where further research can be conducted.

Axe Spray Commercial Essay

I chose the â€Å"Axe  Effect – Women – Billions† (Axe Spray) video advertisement because it draws its male audience into the commercial because of all the gorgeous women in it. its a brand of male grooming products, owned by the British/Dutch company Unilever and marketed towards young males. This company has been selling this product since 1983. Unilever is a British–Dutch multinational consumer goods company. Its products include foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever were unable to use the name Axe in the United Kingdom and Ireland due to trademark problems so it was launched as Lynx (called Axe in America). The commercial is 58 seconds long and the setting of the commercial is like a Caribbean terrain look. Trees, forest, mountains, and clear blue beaches. The advertisement is successful at capturing and holding the viewers attention because of what they used in the commercial. The commercial consist of these overly attractive women in two piece bikinis that are symbolized as warriors. They’re running/fighting going through all types of obstacles such as, running down mountains/valleys, swimming across the ocean, running through forest pushing each other just to get to one thing. That one thing is a man on this beach by himself spraying two bottles of axe on his body. It looks like he knows what the outcome will be at the end, and he has a big smile on his face while spinning slowly in circles. The music is that intense opera music in all action movies during the climax. There are 3 types of girls in bikinis. If you pay close attention the brunettes are the girls in the red bikinis. The blondes are the girls in the green bikinis, and the blue/black bikinis are a mix of both brunettes and blondes. The commercial speaks for itself. It is intended for males to believe that, if you spray this product on your body, it makes a the ladies want you. This advertisement creates a seduction type sexual feeling. The target audience for this product is pushed towards young adult males, by getting more females and also smelling better. The text at the end of the commercial is â€Å"Spray More. Get More. † meaning spray more axe, get more girls. I feel this advertisement is not being honest and truthful about the product because the smell of Axe spray will not have girls fighting and trying to get to you. On the other hand, I don’t know how all girls are, maybe some dig that kind’ of smell on guys. I feel it depends on what girl likes what, not all are the same.

A National Artist

A national artist refers to a person who has been given a high recognition for having made significant contributions towards the development of national arts in regard to music, theatre, literature, film, visual arts and other allied arts.   Italian artists are professional artists who have mastered all the themes of fine arts and are Italians by virtual of either working or living in Italy.Italy is well known for its art and artistic culture.   It has been globally recognised for its numerous monuments such as the Leaning tower of Pisa and the Colosseum in Rome.   Italy is also famous for other fine arts, music, cinema, theatre and other forms of arts.History of the Italian art.The origin of Italian art can be traced many centuries back with major happenings having began in the early 14th century (Feller 85).   Art in Italy has been marked by several eras or periods as they are commonly known this includes:The Roman period.This began immediately after the the end of the Puni c wars which was marked by the invasion of the Greek into the Roman empire.   This era was marked by Hellenistic styles which were common in the Greek civilization.There was cultic and decorative use of sculptures and mosaic pictorial presentations which are still evident from the remains of many temples and villas.   As the Roman period came to an end, more naturalistic and severe styles of art were developed at the centre of the empire and were later spread to the East of Italy and before moving to the Constantinople.Byzantine period.Due to the collapse of the western capital of the Roman empire, Italy stayed under the leadership of Constantinople for close to a thousand years.   During this time, artists in the region were involved in many projects throughout Italy and the Byzantine styles were most dominant in all these projects.   This style extended throughout the 14th century.Gothic period.The Gothic era was marked by various religious disputes and the Franciscans and the Dominicans were struggling to address the controversial issues within the aim of uniting the Roman catholic.During this time, Giovanni and Giotto being the first painters in Italy revolutionised the role of an artist from being a copier of traditional social norms and beliefs to being a creative individual.   These two artists strived towards improving the depiction of the whole artistic figures into more realistic pictures (Gibbons and George 19).By the 19th century, the art of Italy was marked with a lot of resurgence.   Italy's unification which happened in early 1871 had all the local paintings which had been painted decades earlier already expired.   This caused a lot of embarrassment for the Italian artists who had to deal with the lost glory in order to define the national voice of a pre-Garibaldi state which had now been unified from dozens of antipathetic small states.Panaroma period.Garibaldi Panaroma marked a special form of survival period for the public art i n Italy which was prevalent in the 19th century.   During this time, the panaromas were easily found on display on the streets to provide visual and knowledgeable   entertainment.   This were linear paintings which served the purpose of interpreting history and news concerning such great cities such as Rome and Paris (Mohen 78).The panaroma art work which depicted the life of Garibaldi is an example of a panaroma which was used to offer commercial entertainment during this era.   In order to keep up with the current happenings, most of the large panaromas were repainted over time but the small ones were just left to wear out.Recently in 2007, the department of Italian studies offered financial support for the state's national library to digitize the Garibaldi panaroma and make it available all over the world.   Etruscan bronze figures together with the terracotta funerary relief are some if the examples of the Italian traditions which were denounced after the Roman unifica tion.

Probation Officers

Probation Officers Free Online Research Papers The field in Criminal Justice that I have chosen will take me a few steps to get there but I do have a plan. The beginning of my plan starts out here at IBC and ends at the juvenile probation department. In the state of Indiana you have to have a bachelors degree to become one so I will have a few steps on the way. I’m sure I will have to get some help with these steps but I am willing to ask the questions and the take the time that it will take to get me to the end of my plan. One of the things that I think I can bring to this profession is a strong willingness to help. I’m sure I’m not the first to think this but I think I can make a difference. Kids are our future and so many people forget that. The children that are our gangsters and our murders today are the people that are our future. Just think about that for a moment. Is that the kind of would that you want your children and grand-children growing up in? Think back to the day when you were a kid. Remember when no one ever locked their front door? Or a woman could walk down the street and not have to worry about getting raped or mugged. Times have really changed. Now everyone puts dead bolts on all their doors and a woman never goes anywhere alone. Again I ask is this the kind of world you want your daughter or grand-daughter living in? These days the criminals are getting younger and younger. Hopefully we can do something about this before it is to late. We have to get out children and future children going down a different path and making better choices. I have chosen juvenile probation because I think if you get to a child soon enough you can make a change in them. They can start going down the right path and make good choices. Qualifications for Probation Officers 1. A probation officer shall be at least twenty-one (21) years of age. 2. A probation officer shall be an American citizen 3. A person who submits an application to take the examination for prospective probation officers shall have a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university or be in the last semester of a baccalaureate degree program. A person may not serve as a probation officer until he or she has received a baccalaureate degree. 4. A person who submits an application to take the examination for prospective probation officers shall be a person of good moral character. 5. A person shall take and pass an examination for prospective probation officers prior to employment or within six months from the date that the person is first employed as a probation officer. a.) A person who fails the examination shall be permitted to take the examination a second time. The second examination shall not be given until ninety (90) days after the first examination, during which time the person shall not be permitted to serve as a probation officer. b.) A person who fails the examination a second time shall not be permitted to take the examination or serve as a probation officer until one year after the second examination. 6. A probation officer shall be required to attend an orientation program conducted by the Indiana Judicial Center within one year from the date that the officer is employed. 7. The qualifications established by the Judicial Conference of Indiana shall be minimum qualifications only, and a trial court judge may require higher qualifications for probation officers. 8. The qualifications established by the Judicial Conference of Indiana shall be effective on July 1, 1984. The qualifications shall not apply to persons who have been certified as eligible to serve as probation officers in Indiana courts prior to July 1, 1984. Personal Attributes I think the personal attributes that I could bring to this kind of job are many. I have a lot of good qualities about my self if I can brag for a moment. I am a strong willed person and I would like to think I can read people pretty well also. Through the years I have had to deal with legal problems in my life. I’m not sure if that is a good or bad thing. And one of my children is following in my footsteps which has caused me to learn more about the probationary part of the law then I care to know right now. But when I think about it the way my life has gone and all the twists and turns I have had had brought me to this part in my life that has caused me to make this choice in occupations. I can sometime be a hard person or I can be an understanding person it just depends on what the situation calls for at the time. I am also very good at multi tasking. In the line of work that I am in now I have had to learn how to do several things at one time. With the way the caseloads are now and they will be worse by the time I get there I think that a person that is able to multi task well is going to do better at the job than a person that is not able to multi task well. Being a parent to begin with is a good attribute. Especially with having my three children of my own I have learned a lot about what to expect from a delinquent child. I have learned what signs to look for and I am not the kind of person that is easily fooled. I am determined person and I don’t like to be defeated so I work hard at getting my job done and doing a well at it. Challenges I covered a lot of the challenges in the description of my paper but I will try to elaborate it some more here for you. The biggest challenge I have found with the career I am interested in is over worked and under staffed. The work load is getting heavier and the clients are getting younger each year. The probation officer doesn’t have time to do their job the way that they should. They should be able to have closer supervision with each of their clients. If the probation officer could keep a better watch on the clients then he/she could make sure that they were doing what they were ordered to do by the courts. Another important challenge that probation officers have to deal with that many people do not think about when dealing with juveniles is their own on-the-job safety. There is a growing perception that the work of juvenile probation is increasingly dangerous. Almost one-third of the survey respondents reported that they had been assaulted on the job at some point in their careers. When asked whether, during the course of their duties, they were ever concerned about personal safety, 42 percent of the respondents reported that they were usually or always concerned. Balancing juvenile probation officers’ safety and the safety of the public with probationers’ needs as a major challenge. Many departments have developed creative and successful intensive supervision and school-based programs that target special populations of probationers; however. There is increased pressure to do much more community-based programming. The safety of each probation office becomes more of an issue yearly because the kids get younger and the crimes seem to get more serious with each passing day. If I were a probation officer now I think I would fear for my life at times. Interview My interview was with the Chief Probation Officer of Allen County Juvenile Center. She was very informative and happy to comply with my interview. I had many questions for her and among those questions was â€Å"What are the state requirements to be a probation officer?† The answer to this question will be answered in the requirements part of my paper. I asked Jamie, â€Å"What are some of your basic duties as a probation officer?† There are two different types of probation officer. The first type is an Intake Officer. An Intake Officer is responsible for conduction and completing Preliminary Inquiries, completing Predispositional Reports, coordinating cases for court hearings, and monitoring defendants pending hearings. The second is a Field Officers, they essentially works with probationers to assure satisfactory completion of fall probation requirements as ordered by the court. They do more crisis intervention and are required to file violations and prepare court documents if the probationer violates. Next she was asked, â€Å"Is there anything you would like to see done differently and what are some of your biggest challenges?† Ms. Mann said that these two questions kind of run hand in hand. Probation officers are typically over worked and under paid. Also, they are constantly under-staffed. High caseloads make it challenging for officers to monitor each of their cases as intensely as they should. Another huge challenge is funding. Funding for raises, funding for more officers and funding for programming. The families bring even bigger challenges. The â€Å"working poor† families where parents work and yet make too much money for public assistance yet cant afford treatment and insurance companies don’t do much for outpatient treatment. Also the clients seem to be getting younger and younger each day. We are frequently seeing 9 and 10 year olds- mainly for out of control behavior at school. There has to be and alternate plan for these kids- rather than calling the police. On the flip side of that, now some of her rewarding aspects of her job come from her staff being happy. When she was a field officer she felt good when she seemed to â€Å"get through† to a juvenile. Somewhere along the lines her â€Å"words of wisdom† had a positive effect on someone. My final question was â€Å" If you had to do it all over again would you choose the same career?† Her answer was â€Å"Well, hind site is 20/20. In all honesty, no I probably wouldn’t. I went into probation when I was 24. I had worked at the detention center (Wood) for about 1 year before getting a probation spot. I went into this not really putting much thought into whether I would have a family and/or the long-run salary potential. Nearly 15 years later I have 3 children. As I mentioned, hind site is 20/20, and personally my family and I would have been better suited for the education field. Now, in another 15 years when they are grown it might not be such an issue. We do have many officers in our department that have been here 15 years plus and some for more than 25 years. It is not a means to make lots of money, and only a select few ever make it into a management position. It is, however, a solid job with decent pay and benefits. Unfortunately and fortunately (de pending on how you look at it), there will always be crime and a need for probation. Mann, J. . [Interview with Tammy Morgan]. . Conclusion After doing all my research and talking to someone in the profession I found out a lot of useful information. I am still very interested in becoming a juvenile probation but there are so many different professions out there that I can do with my degree and I want to weigh out all my options. The starting out pay isn’t to bad to start but according to my interviewee you can’t do this for the money. In a profession like this you have to be in it for the love of the job and the love for the difference you can make in a persons life. I can kind of relate to this with the profession I am in right now. I am still very interested in helping young people and the age is getting younger and younger all the time. We need to figure out a different way to deal with these kids or soon or we are going to be defeating the purpose of the whole probation profession and what it is meant for. This occupation is still at the top of my list but I want to keep all my doors open until I get al l the information on all the jobs available. Reference Page Mann, J. . [Interview with Tammy Morgan]. . Hurst, H., IV. And Torbet, P. (1995). Special Analysis of the Juvenile Probation Officer Initiative Database Clegg, R. K. (1995). Probation and Parole; principles and practices. Carney, L. P. (1994). Probation and Parole; legal and social dimensions. Rodriguez, N. (2007). Restorative Justice at Work: Examining the Impact of Restorative Justice Resolutions on Juvenile Recidivism. Crime Delinquency, Vol. 53, 7-9. Research Papers on Probation OfficersBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettDeontological Teleological TheoriesDistance Learning Survival GuideWhat are Stock OptionsThe Story of Beatrix PotterIs the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in the Treatment ofMRSA Staph BacteriaGenetic EngineeringThe Equal Rights AmendmentThe Mechanics of Grading Grading Systems